1. Lan Tianyu
Produced in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. Lantian jade has a yellow, light green color and is opaque with a hardness of 4 degrees Mohs. It is a serpentine type of diopside. Lantian jade has a long history of mining. It is found in Han Shu, Zhang Heng and Ban Gu. There are still jade mines. Due to the small amount of production, after the Han Dynasty, Hetian jade was used as a jade material. Therefore, the exploitation and application of Lantian jade has gradually disappeared. In the Ming Dynasty, Song Yingxing said in the "Tiangong Kaiwu" that Lantian is an alias for Congling (Kunlun Mountain), and Lantian is inferred for storing and transporting jade.
2. Nanyang Jade
Nanyangyu's mining area is located in Dushan, also known as "Dushan jade" and "done jade". Nanyang jade is a plagioclase jade with fine texture, pure, grease or glass luster, good polishing performance, transparent or micro-transparent. The hardness is 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Nanyang jade is a multi-color jade. Commonly used for two or more tones composed of multi-color jade, bright colors, respectively: water white jade, white jade, black white jade, green jade, green white jade, sky blue jade, jade, sapphire, purple jade, bright brown jade, topaz , Huang Rongyu, Moyu and variegated jade. Nanyang jade has a long history of mining. The Neolithic Longshan culture jade axe unearthed from Shenmu Dendrobium in Shaanxi, the Yinxu jade found in 1952, and the jade found in the 1976 Women’s Tomb have found the example of Nanyang jade as jade. It is now displayed in the Beihai Mission City, the Yuan Dynasty Daishan Da Yuzhen, also used in Nanyang Yuxi. According to the literature, the mining of Nanyang jade has been quite large in the Han Dynasty. Up to now, there are more than one thousand ancient jade mines on the Dushan Mountain. It can be seen that Nanyang jade has a long history and a large scale. Nanyangyu's reserves are quite abundant, and it can still form scale production.
3, Jiuquan jade
Produced in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, because there is also a city of Qilian jade. It is a serpentine jade. Translucent, mostly green, with even black spots. The hardness is from 4.5 to 5 degrees. The mining history of Jiuquan jade can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. The exquisite jade of Qijia culture unearthed from the Wuwei Niangniang site is made of Jiuquan jade.
4, uranium rock jade
Because the main producing area is named after the glaze rock in Liaoning, it is also called uranium jade. It is a serpentine formed in the metamorphic marble of magnesia carbonate. There are many deposits in this geological environment in China, so the origin of uranium jade is very wide. The appearance of uranium jade is blue-green and yellow-green. Translucent, waxy after polishing, hardness of 3.5 degrees to 5 degrees. The jade material used in the Hongshan culture of the Neolithic Age is produced in the fine jade gully in the uranium rock, commonly known as the old jade, which is a tremolite nephrite. Most jade materials from the jade wares of the Shang Dynasty Women's Tomb are similar to the uranium jade of the uranium rock. The uranium jade mining in Wagou Mine has a long history and abundant reserves. For China's current main jade mining area, the output accounts for about 60% of the country.
5. Hetian jade
It is distributed in the northern slopes of the Kunlun Mountains, which are distributed in Xinjiang Shache--Tashkurgan, Hetian--Yuyu and Qiemo County for 1,500 kilometers. There are nine production areas. The mineral composition of Hetian jade is mainly composed of tremolite-yangshi. It also contains traces of diopside, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals. Different colors such as white, cyan, black, and yellow are formed. Most are monochromatic jade, and a few have variegated colors. The jade is translucent and has a greased luster after polishing with a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade is born in a mountain rock with an altitude of 3,500 meters to 5,000 meters. After long-term weathering and stripping into pieces of different sizes, it collapses on the hillside and then flows into the river through rainwater. When the autumn river is dry, the jade collected in the riverbed is called seed jade, and the mountain material mined in the rock formation. The earliest jade articles of the era that have been discovered with Hetian jade are from the tomb of Yinxu Women. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Hetian jade gradually became the main jade material, both of which collected seed materials, and began mining mountain materials in the Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Dagu River was controlled by Yushu, and the jadeite material weighed more than 10,700 kilograms, which was collected from the Milareta Mountains.
Hetian jade's economic value is based on color and texture purity. Its main varieties are:
1) White jade: contains more than 95% of the flashing stone, the color is white, the texture is pure, delicate, shiny and moist. It is a high-quality variety for Hetian jade. In the Han, Song, and Qing dynasties, the jade was highly valued, and high-quality white jade was often sculpted as a "heavy weapon."
2) Sheep fat white jade: the top grade in white jade, the texture is pure and delicate, containing 99% of the fluorite, and the color is white and gelatinous. The same weight of jade material, its economic value is several times that of white jade. In the Han Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Qing Emperor Qianlong era, the sheep white jade was highly praised.
3) Qingbaiyu: There is no significant difference between the texture and the white jade. Only the pale green color of the jade color is the third grade jade material of Hetian jade, and the economic value is slightly lower than the white jade.
4) Sapphire: The color is light green, green, gray and white. It is called sapphire. The color is even and the texture is fine. It contains 89% of tremolite and 6% of erectite. It is oily and shiny. Rich in reserves, it is the main species of jade collection or mining.
5) Topaz: The matrix is ​​white jade, which is yellow in the gap due to long-term percolation by iron oxide in surface water. According to the change of chromaticity, it is named: dense wax yellow, corn yellow, okra yellow, yellow yellow, egg yolk and so on. The dense sallow yellow and okra yellow are extremely rare, and their value can be matched with sheep fat white jade. In the Qing Dynasty, because the topaz was the "Emperor" homophonic, it was extremely rare, and once the economic value exceeded the white fat white jade.
6) Sugar jade: Iron oxide infiltrates into the tremolite to form a different shade of red leather, dark red is "sugar jade", "tiger skin jade", white with a little pink called "powder jade". Sugar jade often and white jade or vegetarian jade constitute a two-color jade material, which can make "a pretty jade". The snuff bottle made of sugar jade shell seed material cavity, called "golden wrapped silver" should be able to add value.
7) Ink: The graphite and magnet components in the tremolite are black. Most of the jade is black or gray-black jade with black markings. It is named as "black clouds, light ink, gold whiskers, and beautiful people". The black spot is densely dense and is called pure black, which is higher than other jade varieties. The ink jade has a waxy luster, and it is not suitable for the decoration of the inlaid gold and silver wire because of the uneven color.
8) Jasper: Produced in the Junggar Jade Mine, also known as Tianshan Jasper. It is grayish green, dark green, dark green, and the pure green color is the top grade. There is a difference in the quality of black spots, black spots or jade. Jasper contains more than 85% of amphibole, fine texture, translucent, oily luster, and is a mid-range jade.
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